Jaume Garriga and I are now exploring a picture of the multiverse where the BGV theorem may not apply. "[4] Discovered by Edwin Hubble (1889 – 1953) expansion of the universe has become a law. You meant “possible” in the sense that they violate the one condition of the BGV theorem, not “possible” in the sense of providing a realistic model of a past-eternal universe. [11] If tweaking needs to be done to Einstein's theory of gravity for the quantum level interactions of particles during the very early universe then so be it. Here’s the interpretation I proposed to Page: How are these statements to be reconciled? This line of argumentation however assumes God in the process and takes an anachronistic stance by positing in their worldview presentation an already existent God. > a past-eternal universe, I knew that Krauss was misconstruing you. In an attempt to rebut the evidence for a beginning of the universe, he showed a powerpoint of your letter with the last two sentences of the second paragraph deleted. > Krauss also contained some such qualification. But in a quantum gravity regime, if the linear ordering of time is abolished, then it is impossible to speak of expanding, and so the theorem’s one condition isn’t met. My letter was in response to Lawrence’s email asking whether or not I thought the BGV theorem *definitively* rules out a universe with no beginning. > past-eternal universe. On September 6, 2013, Vilenkin responded. [8] Furthermore, working with Arvind Borde and Alan Guth, he developed the Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem, showing that a period of inflation must have a beginning and that a period of time must precede it. This represents a problem for the theory of inflation because, without a theory to explain conditions before inflation, it is not possible to determine how likely it is for inflation to have occurred. The only assumption that we made was that the expansion rate of the Alexander Vilenkin (Russian: Алекса́ндр Виле́нкин; Ukrainian: Олександр Віленкін; born 13 May 1949) is the Leonard Jane Holmes Bernstein Professor of Evolutionary Science and Director of the Institute of Cosmology at Tufts University. Certain staunchly secular In any such spacetime a universe that is, on average, in a state of expansion can’t be past-eternal. [7] The primary assumption made by Borde, Guth and Vilenkin however is that the cosmic expansion rate will never get to a nonzero value. Models of this sort have been discussed by Aguirre & Gratton and by Carroll & Chen. "[7] One possibility is that there must have been some sort of quantum creation event according to Alan Guth. You'll recall that Krauss himself admitted in our first dialogue that it is more plausible than not that the universe began to exist. . > that it would never come to a new expansion. You may recall that we once met, as we were both participants in a sort of roundtable conference in Berkeley on science and religion sponsored by the Center for Theology and Natural Science. The BGV theorem though holds independently of any physical description of the very early universe before Planck time. Moreover, his work in cosmic strings has been pivotal. The 2006 statement sounds as if a quantum theory of gravitation would not undo the theorem. Then we do not really have a language to describe what is happening, because all our physics concepts are deeply rooted in the concepts of space and time. All of these however do not contend with the sweeping BGV theorem in the long run. In the regime where gravity becomes essentially quantum, we may not even know the right questions to ask.” This is puzzling because Vilenkin has said in his published work that the BGV theorem has only one condition and doesn't even presuppose that gravity is described by Einstein's equations, so that if those equations need to be modified the theorem should still hold. . His work has been featured in numerous newspaper and magazine articles in the United States, Europe, Soviet Union, and Japan, and in many popular books. Note for example that the BGV theorem uses a classical picture of spacetime. But in my recent paper I show that in this case singularities are unavoidable. [2][3] A theoretical physicist who has been working in the field of cosmology for 25 years, Vilenkin has written over 260 publications. In bubbles of negative vacuum energy, expansion is followed by contraction. When expounded upon the result is what looks awfully familiar to theologians as God. That is why you are receiving letters from people like Stenger, But this model requires that a very special condition is enforced at some moment in the history of the universe. A corroborated theory is far more secure than an untested theory. . > your work. > Elsewhere you’ve written: > “A remarkable thing about this theorem is its sweeping generality. Jaume Garriga and I are now exploring a picture of the multiverse where the BGV theorem may not apply. "[4] The chief finding of the paper though was that inflation alone is not enough to explain the universe, there needs to be a whole new physics to explain "correct conditions at the boundary. Especially when interacting with atheists or even agnostics upon the existence of something like God. > if Einstein’s gravity requires some modification, our conclusion will still It’s evident that Vilenkin’s email was selectively edited to give it the spin Krauss wanted. According to this theory the universe is approximately 14 billion years old. [11] There can not be past-eternal inflation, there must be a beginning or singularity. . Thank you, Dan! The BGV theorem does not violate the "weak energy conditions" usually assumed in singularity theorems, this is because it does not even require any energy condition in the first place. That gave the audience the impression that contracting models, in particular the two mentioned, were realistic possibilities for evading the beginning of the universe. If the theory repeatedly survives attempts at its falsification, then the theory receives what philosopher of science Karl Popper called corroboration.

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